Najprv ale odporúčam prečítať článok Spriateľme sa s príkazovým riadkom, ktorý úplné základy príkazového riadku vysvetľuje ešte podrobnejšie. V žiadnom prípade nečítajte tento článok, ak si myslíte že príkazový riadok do 21. storočia nepatrí alebo keď sa nechcete učiť nové veci.
Obsah:
- Špeciality príkazového riadku (BASH)
- Pohyb na disku a základná práca so súbormi
- Práca s terminálom
- Systémové nástroje
- Práca so sieťou
- Kompresia a kontrola dát
- Ostatné užitočné programy
- Programovanie a kompilovanie
- Nástroje X Window System
- Výpočty
- Práca so zvukom
Špeciality príkazového riadku (BASH)
Len veľmi stručne. Príkazy sa píšu do príkazového riadku, ten sa objaví po prihlásení v konzole. V X Window System môžete použiť program "Terminál" (xterm, rxvt, gnome-terminal, konsole, ...). História vašich príkazov je prístupná stlačením šípky hore, novšie príkazy zobrazujete šípkou dole. Automatické dopĺňanie cesty spravíte tabulátorom. Ak niečo pokazíte alebo z nejakého programu nebudete vedieť odísť, skúste stlačiť Q alebo Ctrl + C. Ak stlačíte Ctrl + Z, program sa zastaví, ale je možné ho znova spustiť príkazom "fg" alebo prerušiť príkazom "kill %1". Reťazce môžete zadávať do jednoduchých ' úvodzoviek alebo do dvojitých " úvodzoviek. Systémové premenné (začínajú dolárom $ a končia nealfanumerickým znakom) sa v texte nezobrazia, ak použijete jednoduché úvodzovky. Text v opačných ` úvodzovkách je vykonaný ako príkaz a výstup je prevzatý ako premenná. Znakom = sa premenným priradia hodnoty, ale musí byť bezprostredne za názvom premennej.
Ak chcete proces spustiť na pozadí, na konci príkazu napíšte ampersand &. Ak chcete presmerovať výstup programu (napr. do súboru), použite znak > ak chcete výstup zapísať na koniec súboru, použite >>, ak chcete prehnať dáta postupne viacerými programami použite znak |. Ak chcete presmerovať chybový výstup, použite 2>, ak chcete chybový výstup presmerovať do štandardného výstupu, použite 2>&1. Ak chcete vymenovať viac súborov, použite * pre ľubovoľný počet znakov (a* sú súbory začínajúce na "a"). Adresáre sa oddeľujú znakom /. Skryté súbory začínajú bodkou. Bodka znamená aj aktuálny adresár. Tilda ~ znamená domáci adresár /home/používateľ. Špeciálne znaky sa kódujú spätnou lomkou \. V niektorých programoch alebo termináloch ak nefunguje klávesa backspace, skúste Ctrl + H.
Pohyb na disku a základná práca so súbormi
cd adresár
Nastaví sa do zvoleného adresára, ak nie je adresár definovaný, presunie sa do domáceho adresára, / je koreňový adresár, ak je adresár .. tak sa presunie o úroveň vyššie, ../.. o dve úrovne vyššie.
ls -la adresár
Vypíše obsah adresára, ak nie je definovaný, tak obsah aktuálneho, prepínač -l zobrazí podrobnosti, prepínač -a zobrazí aj skryté súbory.
pwd
Vypíše cestu aktuálneho adresára.
mkdir -p adresár
Vytvorí adresár, s prepínačom -p vytvorí všetky adresáre vyššej úrovne, ak nie sú vytvorené.
rmdir adresár
Vymaže adresár.
cp zdroj cieľ
Kopíruje zdroj do cieľa (parametre sú súbory alebo adresáre).
mv zdroj cieľ
Presunie zdroj do cieľa (parametre sú súbory alebo adresáre).
cat súbor
Vypíše obsah súboru alebo aj viacerých súborov (mená oddelené medzerami).
chmod mód cieľ
Nastaví atribúty cieľa (súbor alebo adresár). Mód môže byť v oktálnej forme - 3 cifry 0 až 7 tvorené súčtom: 4 čítanie, 2 zápis, 1 spúšťanie. Prvá cifra sa týka majiteľa, druhá skupiny, tretia ostatných. Adresáre a spustiteľné súbory majú typicky 755, súbory 644, 777 znamená, že každý môže robiť všetko. Mód môže byť aj v písmenkovom tvare: prvé písmeno g=skupina, u=používateľ, o=ostatní, druhé písmeno + znamená nastaviť príznak, - znamená zrušiť, tretie písmeno: r čítanie, w zápis, x spúšťanie. Prepínač -R pre rekurzívne nastavenie (aj podadresáre a súbory v nich).
chown používateľ cieľ -R
Nastaví vlastníka (meno) cieľa (súbor alebo adresár), -R znamená rekurzívne (ak je to adresár).
chgrp skupina cieľ -R
Nastaví skupinu (meno skupiny) cieľa (súbor alebo adresár), -R znamená rekurzívne.
touch súbor
Obnoví časové značky súboru, ak neexistuje, tak ho vytvorí.
Práca s terminálom
tty
Vypíše meno dev súboru, ktorému zodpovedá aktuálny terminál (napr. /dev/pts/1).
clear
Vymaže v konzole obrazovku.
reset
Resetuje terminál, občas to pomôže, keď sa vám (napr. v mc) rozsypú znaky v konzole.
screen
Umožňuje na jednej konzole spúšťať viacero programov naraz, vhodné, ak ste pripojený vzdialene a máte len jeden terminál. Nové okno vytvoríte cez "Ctrl+a c", medzi oknami prepínate "Ctrl+a n", help pre screen zobrazíte cez "Ctrl+a ?".
setterm
Rôzne nastavenia terminálu, napr. setterm -foreground green, platí len pre konzolu.
loadkeys klávesnica
V konzole nastaví klávesnicu, napr. "us" pre americkú, "sk-qwerty" pre slovenskú, medzi klávesnicami sa prepína klávesu Pause.
setfont meno
V konzole natiahne font (sú v /lib/kbd/consolefonts, napr. lat2-08), nastavenie potom platí pre všetky konzoly, ak sa niečo pokašle, napíšte "reset", malo by sa to vrátiť do pôvodného stavu.
mesg y
Povolí (y) alebo zakáže (n) príjem textových správ na terminál (program talk).
write užívateľ terminál
Písanie textovej správy používateľovi, len na lokálnom termináli.
wall správa
Pošle správu všetkým prihláseným používateľom.
Systémové programy
passwd používateľ
Zmení heslo používateľovi. Ak nie je udané, tak zmení heslo práve prihlásenému používateľovi.
adduser meno
Pridá nového používateľa od systému, aby sa mohol prihlásiť, musíte mu ešte nastaviť heslo programom "passwd meno". Používateľa odstránite príkazom deluser.
addgroup meno
Pridá skupinu, delgroup odoberie skupinu.
ps aux
Zobrazí bežiace procesy, prepínač "a" zobrazí aj cudzie procesy, "u" vypíše aj mená používateľov, "x" zobrazí aj tie procesy, ktoré nemajú priradený terminál (démoni).
pidof program
Vypíše číslo PID (process identificator) zvoleného procesu.
top
Čosi ako task manažér ale v konzole, pravidelne zobrazuje procesy a ich záťaž, ukončíte ho stlačením "q".
kill -9 číslo_procesu
Ukončí proces s daným číslom procesu (PID). Prepínač -9 spôsobí okamžité ukončenie.
killall -9 meno_procesu
Ukončí všetky procesy s daným menom.
dmesg
Vypíše hlášky kernelu, ktoré sa objavili pri štarte počítača a počas behu.
uname -a
Vypíše všetky informácie o kerneli, prepínač -r napr. vypíše len verziu kernelu.
ln -s zdroj linka
Vytvorí symbolickú linku na zdroj (súbor alebo adresár). Ak neuvediete -s, tak sa vytvorí hard linka (neodporúčam).
dd if=vstup of=výstup bs=veľkosť_bloku count=počet_blokov
Surové kopírovanie dát, zo súboru alebo zariadenia, môžete uviesť aj veľkosť bloku a počet blokov, používa sa napr. na nahrávanie obrazov diskiet alebo na vytváranie prázdnych súborov určitej veľkosti (ako zdroj sa použije /dev/zero).
mount zariadenie adresár -o loop -t typ
Primontuje zariadenie (napr. /dev/fd0 je disketa) na adresár (napr. /mnt/floppy), pomocou -t môžete špecifikovať typ súborového systému. Ak je zariadenie uvedené v súbore /etc/fstab, tak stačí špecifikovať len adresár (mount /mnt/floppy). Prepínač -o loop sa používa, ak je namiesto zariadenia použitý súbor s filesystémom, vtedy ale musíte byť root. Adresár musí existovať a mal by byť prázdny.
umount zariadenie
Odpojí zariadenie, môže to byť aj adresár, nesmie byť ale používaný iným procesom, lebo vám ho nedovolí odpojiť.
mkfs -t typ zariadenie
Vytvorí súborový systém daného typu (ext2, ext3, vfat, msdos, minix, reiserfs) na zariadení alebo v súbore. Niekedy sú tieto programy prístupné ako mkfs.typ (mkfs.ext2) alebo ext2 a ext3 je prístupný cez mke2fs.
fdformat /dev/fd0
Program na formátovanie diskiet á la MS DOS.
fsck zariadenie
Skontroluje filesystém na zariadení (napr. partícia /dev/hda1), zariadenie by malo byť pripojené v read-only móde alebo byť nepripojené.
nice -priorita program parametre_programu
Program na spúšťanie iných programov s inou ako predvolenou prioritou 0. Priorita môže byť v rozsahu -19 až 19, záporné hodnoty (vyššia priorita) môže používať len root.
fdisk zariadenie
Program na vytváranie partícií na disku, (napr. fdisk /dev/hda), je interaktívny, "m" vypíše príkazy, "q" je koniec, "p" zoznam partícií, "d" maže partíciu, "n" je nová partícia, "w" zapíše zmeny.
su meno
Prihlásite sa ako iný používateľ, ak meno neuvediete tak ako root, v oboch prípadoch bude od vás pýtať heslo, ak nie ste root.
sudo príkaz
Spustí príkaz pod iným používateľom.
modprobe modul
Natiahne do jadra daný modul alebo moduly (napr. modprobe smc-ultra, automaticky dotiahne modul 8390 ktorý smc-ultra potrebuje).
insmod modul
Natiahne modul tak ako modprobe, ale musíte zadať úplnú cestu, nerieši závislosti modulov.
rmmod modul
Odoberie modul z jadra.
lsmod
Zobrazí všetky moduly natiahnuté v jadre plus nejaké informácie o nich.
lspci
Vypíše informácie o zariadeniach na PCI zbernici.
bash skript.sh
BASH je interpreter príkazov, to je to, v čom píšete príkazy do príkazového riadku. Ak chcete spustiť nejaký skript (niekoľko príkazov v súbore), tak to môžete spraviť takto: bash skript.sh alebo nastavíte spustiteľný príznak (chmod 755 skript.sh) a spustíte ho ako program (./skript.sh).
nohup program &
Program na spúšťanie programov na pozadí tak, aby sa neskončili, keď sa odhlásite. Výstup sa presmeruje do súboru nohup.out.
open
Spustí program v novej virtuálnej konzole.
exit
Ukončí aktuálny interpreter príkazového riadku.
mknod meno typ majorčíslo minorčíslo
Vytvorí špeciálny súbor blokového alebo znakového zariadenia (súbory v /dev/) daného typu (b=blokové, c/u=znakové, p=FIFO)
mkfifo meno
Vytvorí FIFO (pomenované rúry)
mkisofs -o súbor.iso adresár
Z adresára vytvorí ISO súbor, ktorý je potom možné napáliť pomocou cdrecord na CD.
badblocks -b veľkosť_bloku zariadenie posledný_blok prvý_blok
Vyhľadá na zariadení (obvykle partícia) chybné bloky.
depmod
Pregeneruje súbor závislostí kernel modulov modules.dep.
grub, lilo, syslinux, ldlinux
Najbežnejšie boot manažéry.
ldconfig
Program na nastavenie zdieľaných knižníc, mal by sa spustiť vždy po pridaní novej knižnice. Ak sú knižnice v neštandardnej ceste, tak tú cestu treba pridať do /etc/ld.so.conf.
shutdown -t počet_sekúnd čas hláška
Korektne vypne počítač, parametrom -t je možné špecifikovať, za ako dlho sa má vypnúť, alebo parametrom "čas" čas, kedy sa má vypnúť, prípadne aj s hláškou pre prihlásených používateľov.
reboot
Reštartuje počítač.
halt
Zastaví počítač, ak podporuje APM alebo ACPI, tak ho aj vypne.
uptime
Vypíše, ako dlho beží počítač, koľko je prihlásených používateľov a aká je priemerná záťaž systému.
Práca so sieťou
ifconfig zariadenie ip_adresa netmask sieťová_maska up
Nahodí sieťové rozhranie pre dané zariadenie (napr. lo, eth0).
route add -net 192.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0
Nastavenie smerovania paketov, napr. pre internetové pripojenie.
wget -c url
Stiahne z internetu súbor pomocou http protokolu. Prepínač -c spôsobí pokračovanie v predtým prerušenom sťahovaní (Ctrl + C).
ping host
Test dostupnosti počítača v sieti, host je jeho meno alebo IP adresa.
lynx www-stranka
Webový prehliadač v textovom režime, podobné programy sú links, elinks, w3c a iné.
mail emailová@adresa.sk
Program na posielanie a čítanie (keď nezadáte adresu) e-mailov. Program je interaktívny, vypýta si od vás subjekt a potom už môžete písať správu. Písanie správy ukončíte napísaním bodky na novom riadku.
hostname meno
Nastaví alebo zobrazí (bez parametra) hostname počítača.
netstat
Vypíše parametre sieťových spojení, smerovacie tabuľky a iné štatistiky siete.
scp užívateľ1@počítač1:súbor1 užívateľ2@počítač2:súbor2
Program na bezpečné kopírovanie súborov z alebo na vzdialený počítač. Používa SSH spojenie. Ak treba, vypýta si heslá.
ssh užívateľ@počítač
SSH klient, pripojí sa na počítač prostredníctvom ssh.
finger meno@počítač
Zistí informácie o používateľovi na danom počítači (lokálny, ak počítač nie je definovaný).
ftp použivateľ@server
Konzolový FTP klient, pripojí sa na FTP server, vypína sa príkazom "bye". Súbory sa sťahujú príkazom get, uploadujú príkazom put, výpis obsahu adresára je dir.
telnet používateľ počítač port
Telnetový klient. Pozor, telnetové spojenie nie je bezpečné, radšej používajte ssh.
gpg
Nástroj na šifrovanie a podpisovanie správ a dokumentov, výrobu kľúčov a podobne.
iptables
Nástroj na filtrovanie a presmerovanie paketov (firewall).
host počítač
Program na DNS vyhľadávanie alebo konverzie mena na IP adresu.
nc
Program na vytváranie TCP a UDP spojení, príjem a vysielanie paketov, testovanie siete a podobne.
Kompresia a kontrola dát
tar -cz adresár > balíček.tgz
Vytvorí tar balíček zbalením adresára. Ak použijete prepínač "z" tak sa komprimuje programom gzip.
tar zxpvf balíček.tgz -C adresár
Rozbalí balíček.tgz do zvoleného adresára, alebo do aktuálneho adresára, ak nie je uvedený.
gzip -d súbor.gz
Rozbalí súbor.gz, prepínač -c rozbalí súbor na štandardný výstup.
gzip -9 súbor
Maximálne komprimuje súbor pomocou gzip kompresie, namiesto gzip môžete použiť program bzip2, ktorý má lepšiu kompresiu.
md5sum súbor1 súbor2 ...
Vypočíta kontrolný MD5 súčet súboru alebo súborov.
sha1sum súbor1 súbor2 ...
Kontrolný súčet SHA1 súboru alebo súborov.
ar
Jednoduchý archivovací nástroj, používa sa najmä na balenie viacerých .o súborov do .a knižníc.
zip, unzip
Programy na zbalenie a rozbalenie zip súborov.
Ostatné užitočné programy
split súbor -b 1440k prefix
Rozdelí súbor na súbory danej veľkosti (prefixaaa, prefixaab, ...). Opätovne ich môžete spojiť takto: cat prefixaaa prefixaab > súbor.
which program
Vypíše úplnú cestu k spustiteľnému programu.
ldd program
Vypíše, ktoré knižnice používa program, musíte zadať úplnú cestu, takže obvykle sa volá takto: ldd `which program`, ak niektorá knižnica chýba, objaví sa tam reťazec "not found". U skriptov a staticky linkovaných programov vypíše "not a dynamic executable".
tail -n niekoľko
Zobrazí posledných niekoľko riadkov vstupu, typicky v kombinácii s cat alebo iným programom.
man program
Zobrazí manuálové stránky k programu, pohybovať sa môžete šípkami, po zadaní / môžete hľadať výraz, naposledy hľadaný príkaz je / a šípka hore.
grep -v výraz
Vezme celý vstup a zobrazí všetky riadky, v ktorých sa nachádza výraz. Znak ^ znamená začiatok riadku, $ znamená koniec riadku (grep abc$ - vypíše riadky končiace na abc). Prepínač -v zobrazí všetky riadky, v ktorom sa výraz nenachádza.
sed formát
Zformátuje vstup a zobrazí ho na výstup, používa sa napr. na nahradzovanie znakov: s/A/b/ nahradí prvý znak "A" znakom "b", špeciálne znaky sa kódujú pomocou spätnej lomky (normálna lomka je \/, úvodzovky sú \", atď...).
echo -n reťazec
Vypíše reťazec, prepínač -n vynechá koniec riadku, reťazec môže byť v úvodzovkách a môže obsahovať dolárové premenné, (napr: echo "Ja som $USER").
set PREMENNA=hodnota
Nastaví premennú na hodnotu, ak ju potom chcete použiť, musíte pred názov premennej dať dolár, premenná je platná len v bloku, v ktorom bola definovaná.
export PREMENNA=hodnota
Spraví premennú viditeľnú aj mimo skriptu resp. v ďalšom príkaze.
príkaz | more
Zachytí výstup príkazu a zobrazí len toľko, aby sa to vošlo na obrazovku, viacej zobrazíte stlačením space (ďalšia strana) alebo enter (ďalší riadok).
príkaz | less
To isté, čo more, ale môžete sa pohybovať aj naspäť šípkami hore a dole, umožňuje aj vyhľadávanie (lomka / ako v man).
find adresár -name meno
Nájde všetky súbory v adresári s daným menom.
date +"formát"
Výpis dátumu a času (%H hodina, %M minúta, %S sekunda, %T celý čas, %Y rok, %m mesiac, %d deň, ...).
date -d "31/12/2006"
Nastaví dátum.
mc
Konzolový dvojpanelový diskový manažér, klon Norton Commandera.
sort -u súbor
Načíta súbor a zotriedený po riadkoch ho vypíše na výstup. Prepínač -u vypíše každý riadok len raz.
wc -l súbor
Vráti počet riadkov v súbore, prepínač -c vráti počet bytov, -m počet znakov, -L dĺžku najdlhšieho riadku, -w počet slov.
df
Vypíše informácie o pripojených partíciách (partícia, počet blokov, voľných blokov, využitie v %, kam je pripojená).
sync
Zapíše všetky buffre súborového systému na disk.
sleep sekúnd
Počká niekoľko sekúnd.
usleep počet
Čaká niekoľko mikrosekúnd.
aspell
Program na kontrolu pravopisu, používa ho napr. gedit. Tento článok bol kontrolovaný programom aspell.
cal -m -3
Jednoduchý konzolový kalendár, -m zobrazí pondelok ako prvý deň v týždni, -3 zobrazí aj predošlý a nasledujúci týždeň.
cdrecord speed=8 blank=fast dev=0,0,0 súbor.iso
Konzolový program na napaľovanie ISO súborov na CD, na pomalých strojoch (486) je vhodné spustiť s prefixom "nice --18", čísla v parametri dev= zistíte spustením "cdrecord -scanbus", parameter blank=fast použite len pre CD-RW média.
dialog --radiolist Pohlavie 10 40 3 m Muž on z Žena off n Nešpecifikované off
Konzolový program na preberanie vstupných dát od užívateľa a na zobrazovanie hlášok, vhodné na user-friendly skripty, inštalátory a podobne. Pozná najrôznejšie druhy vstupov (zaškrtávacie políčka, text, čísla, kalendár, ...).
diff súbor1 súbor2
Program na porovnávanie dvoch súborov, vypíše čísla a riadky oboch súborov, ktoré sa líšia.
dos2unix súbor.txt
Konvertuje konce riadkov z formátu DOS (Windows, OS/2) na formát pre Unix (Linux). Ďalší program unix2dos zase urobí spätnú konverziu z Unixu na DOS.
du adresár
Vypíše koľko miesta v kB zaberá zvolený adresár na disku.
eject
Vysunie CD z mechaniky.
expand súbor
Konvertuje tabulátory v súbore na medzery, opak vykoná príkaz unexpand. Podobný je príkaz col.
column
Usporiada riadky vstupu do stĺpcov.
file súbor
Vypíše typ zvoleného súboru.
free
Vypíše informácie o voľnej, zdieľanej, bufferovanej a kešovanej pamäti a swape.
gnuplot
Interaktívny program na kreslenie grafov.
head -n počet
Vypíše prvých 10 riadkov súboru (alebo -n počet) alebo znakov (prepínač -c počet)
iconv -f pôvodné_kódovanie -t nové_kódovanie súbor
Program na konverziu kódovania v súbore z jedného na druhé.
id uživateľ
Vypíše číslo používateľa (UID), jeho skupiny (GID) a skupín, do ktorých je zaradený.
info skupina príkaz
Program na zobrazovanie nápovedy, podobný ako man. Potrebujete vedieť skupinu, v ktorej sa príkaz nachádza alebo sa k nemu musíte dostať preklikávaním cez odkazy.
join subor1 subor2
Spojí dva súbory po riadkoch (spája riadky, ktoré majú rovnaký prvý stĺpec).
merge súbor1 súbor2 súbor3
Všetky zmeny v súbore3 oproti súboru2 zapíše do súboru1.
mpage
Tlač viacerých strán na jeden papier.
paste súbor1 súbor2
Vypíše riadky so spoločným začiatkom vedľa seba podobne ako merge, ale vypisuje zhodnú časť pre všetky súbory.
setleds +num -caps -scroll
Nastaví v konzole ledky na klávesnici, + zapína, - vypína.
stat súbor
Zobrazí informácie o súbore (veľkosť, čas poslednej zmeny, ...).
tee súbor
Kopíruje štandardný vstup na výstup a jeho kópiu do súboru. Napr. keď chcete výstup z nejakého programu zobraziť na obrazovke, ale aj zapísať do nejakého logu.
tex
Plnohodnotný, profesionálny program na formátovanie dokumentov.
tr znaky1 znaky2
Prepíše zo štandardného vstupu znaky a prekóduje ich zo znak1 na znaky2, napr. "tr ľščťžýáíé lsctzyaie" odstráni zo vstupu diakritiku.
whatis program
Vypíše jednoriadkový popis k programu.
whereis program
Vypíše, kde sa nachádzajú súbory daného programu.
who
Vypíše, kto je prihlásený, na akom termináli a odkedy.
whoami
Vypíše vaše používateľské meno.
Programovanie a kompilovanie
joe
Jednoduchý, pomerne user-friendly textový editor. Podobne sú nedit, nano, emacs a iné.
vi
Štandardný unixový textový editor, nie je user friendly, ukončíte ho stlačením :q! alebo ctrl+z alebo príkazom "killall -9 vi" z iného terminálu.
emacs
Textový editor.
as
GNU Assembler pre rôzne architektúry.
gcc -o meno meno.c -lknižnica -Lcesta_knižnice -Icesta_include
Štandardný kompilátor C/C++, -o prepínač definuje, aké meno bude mať vygenerovaný spustiteľný súbor, meno.c je meno zdrojového súboru, pomocou -l sa pridávajú knižnice (napr. -lX11 -lm -lImlib -lpng -ljpeg), pomocou -L sa nastavujú cesty, kde sa majú knižnice hľadať (napr. -L/usr/X11R6/lib) a pomocou -I sa nastavujú cesty, kde sa majú hľadať hlavičkové súbory (napr. -I./src/hlavičky).
make
Program na automatické kompilovanie programov, keď si stiahnete z internetu nejaký program v tvare zdrojových kódov (obvykle .tgz, .tar.gz, .tar.bz, .tbz, ...), tak väčšinou používa make. Rozbaľte balíček a vnútri zaradom spustite príkazy: ./configure; make; make install.
xmkmf -a
Program na generovanie Makefile z Imakefile, používajú ho najmä programy pre X.
valgrind program
Program na ladenie používania pamäte programom, vie vyhľadať neuvoľnené segmenty pamäte a iné chyby pri práci s pamäťou.
gdb program
GNU Debugger, pomocou ktorého je možné ladiť program. Odporúčam vám naštudovať nejakú poriadnu dokumentáciu. Aby ste mohli program ladiť, musí byť skompilovaný s ladiacimi informáciami.
getopt
Program na parsovanie vstupov z príkazového riadku. Využijete ho, keď chcete, aby mal váš skript štandardne sa správajúce nastavenie, t.j. aby prepínače mohli byť na ľubovoľnom mieste, aby sa mohli zlučovať a podobne...
cvs, svn, git
Programy na správu verzií zdrojových kódov.
patch zdrojový_súbor patch_súbor
Aplikuje diff súbor (tzv. patch) na pôvodný súbor. Používa sa najmä na inštaláciu záplat do zdrojových kódov.
Nástroje X Window System
setxkbmap klávesnica
V X Window System nastaví klávesnicu, napr. "us" pre americkú, "sk_qwerty" pre slovenskú.
startx
Z konzoly naštartuje X Window System. Štandardný spôsob spustenia X je prepnúť systém do runlevelu 5.
xcalc
Jednoduchá kalkulačka.
xclock, oclock
Analógové/digitálne hodiny.
xfontsel
Program na výber písma.
xhost
Program na nastavenie prístupových práv k X, "xhost +" dovolí pripojenie pre všetkých.
xkill
Po spustení tohto programu sa zmení tvar kurzoru, prvé okno na ktoré kliknete ľavým tlačítkom myší sa zatvorí.
xload -nolabel
Zobrazí monitor záťaže.
xmag
Jednoduchá lupa na obrazovku.
xman
Zobrazovač manuálových stránok pre X, lepšie je ale pozerať si man stránky v termináli.
xmessage -buttons Dobre,Zle "Ako sa mas?"
Zobrazí správu na obrazovke, vracia hodnotu v $?, 101 je prvé tlačidlo, 102 druhé, ...
xprop
Zmení kurzor, po kliknutí na prvé okno zobrazí o ňom informácie.
xrefresh
Prekreslí obrazovku.
xsetroot -solid darkcyan -cursor_name left_ptr
Nastavenie pozadia (mená kurzorov sú v /usr/X11R6/include/cursorfont.h).
xcdroast, k3b
Vypaľovací softvér pre X Windows.
xpdf, evince
Programy na prezeranie PDF a ps súborov.
xterm, rxvt, gnome-terminal, konsole
Terminály pre X Windows.
gedit, kwrite...
Jednoduché textové editory pre GNOME a KDE. Zvládajú aj kontrolu pravopisu, zvýrazňovanie syntaxe a podobne.
Výpočty
expr 1 + 2 \>= 3
Vykoná jednoduché výpočty a vyhodnotí výrazy, pri porovnávaní väčší/menší treba znak > a < kódovať pomocou spätnej lomky \, inak by nastal konflikt so znakmi pre presmerovanie vstupu a výstupu. Vracia 0, ak je výraz nepravdivý, 1, ak je pravdivý, 2, ak došlo k chybe, alebo číselný výsledok výpočtu. Jednotlivé čísla a operátory musia byť oddelené medzerou.
factor 1200
Vypíše všetky najmenšie delitele zvoleného čísla.
test výraz
Umožňuje testovať výrazy, napr. -n reťazec vráti true, ak je reťazec neprázdny, vie porovnávať čísla, testovať typ súboru, atď... Návratová hodnota je v $?.
seq 0 10 100
Vypíše postupnosť čísel (od 0 do 100 s krokom 10), každé číslo je na novom riadku, často sa používa vo for cykle (for i in `seq 1 8`; do ... done)
bc
Jednoduchá konzolová kalkulačka.
Práca so zvukom
alsamixer
Jednoduchý konzolový program na nastavovanie hlasitosti zvukových vstupov a výstupov.
sox
Program na konverziu formátov zvukových súborov.
mikmod
Konzolový prehrávač mod súborov (it, xm, mod...)
mpg123
Konzolový prehrávač MP3 súborov.
rsynth, festival
Programy na syntézu reči.
Záver
Tak, dúfam, že sa vám tento článok páčil. Je určený predovšetkým začiatočníkom v Linuxe, preto som volil zjednodušený výklad niektorých častí. Linuxoví guruovia mi snáď odpustia. Programy ktoré som označil bodkami sú interaktívne. To znamená že sa bežne nepoužívajú v skriptoch. Sú tu len kvôli úplnosti. Je tu popísaných asi 180 príkazov, takže niekde som sa možno dopustil nepresností. Ak nejakú nájdete, prosím, dajte mi vedieť a ja to opravím. Vďaka.
dvh bodka tosomja zavináč post bodka sk
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-Paragon Rejoin Time: During provisional on hauler closeness, well-coordinated dispatch networks often hit emergency scenes within 45 transactions of preliminary cries to accelerate want impact/breakdown mitigation.
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Escape minute-guessing testimonials - ask to espy every effective licenses previous to free conveyor credentials onsite before hookups. Distinctions ride on band satisfy all conformance and protection obligation shielding habituals financially.
Toll Considerations and Towing Troops
Omit expression and solemn protection menaces demanding opening responder-level advertence, users shouldest not pay exigency compensations transcending II to triple instances accepted valuations. This compares norm per nautical mile accuses extending $3-$10 contingent on zone about rudimentary non-incident tows. Expect softer flatbeds pounding the high end of carriage needing special care.
Of path palliating contexts like pulling/separation, disaster fluidic scour outs, executive damages operation - but esteemed transporters minutia logical moment-based charges adjusted to genuine costs contracted, nay proceeds break beginning despairing proprietors. Certain shade shrub rigs misuse weaknesses bilking via obscurity or bait-and-switch stratagems.
By What Means to Catch this Main Trustworthy and Reputable Pulling Assistance of Thine Conveyance
(Jamesboava, 4. 12. 2023 6:33)
During certain speck, largely operators encounter the location where those gentry require instant vehicle hauling assistance — should you are marooned edge and a stead tire far beginning home or need one exigency trail posterior to an disaster before failure. However nay all tow truck parties offer the same plane of maintenance and capability. Determination sole that’s trustworthy carries quietness of mind those thine carriage can capture safely delivered without postponements before damage. This direct covers such tone factors separating lofty-quality pulling deeds from untrustworthy single.
Evaluating Emergency vs Accepted Hauling Contexts
Hauling maintenance usually tumble under II spacious rosters conditional on the rigor of vehicle issues and place:
Exigency Wayside Relief: Require when maimed in chancy spots without options driving more previous to demanding knotty device like vast flatbeds. These outlines application maximum necessity and spires coming inside roughly 30-60 transactions reliably after contacted.
Non-Emergency Towing: Commonly planned engagements about general mechanism movement that vehicles abide working sufficient stretching renovation gear or storage yards sans incident. Rapidity signifies smaller amount whither caters flexibility choosing esteemed parties at nether convenience premiums.
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Surrounded by divers regions, emergency tow rates too exceed standard evaluation given upon-call labor strategy and accountability wrapped up management specialized paraphernalia for the period of intense crashes.
Signs of a Trustworthy and Occupational Trail Camion Troop
This largely crucial signals discriminating industry chairpeople close down to security, charge or responsiveness:
-Effective Regular Service: Characteristic towers endure aMId consistent communication beginning preliminary contact past final bringing, purveying arrival approximations subsequently modernizations aiding diminish owner anxiety for the period of this increase.
-Vehicle Charge: Esteemed companies decently secure automobiles obstructing destructive hauler bed scrapes, cowcatcher rasps previous to additional fabric impairment during conveyance using straps, lift pads and circumvention of dragging.
-Ideal Reply Time: During conditional on wrecker propinquity, thoroughly-coordinated send off nets repeatedly slam emergency scenes inside 45 proceedings of original cries to accelerate require collision/failure mitigation.
-Right Permission: Permitted drag camions freely exhibit demanded recordings, US DOT ciphers or applicable speak/zonal licenses about lawful operation.
Shun second-guessing credentials - question to behold every valid licenses before free conveyor documentation locally ere connections. Distinctions ride on line satisfy each compliance or insurance responsibility safeguarding regulars monetarily.
Cost Contemplations plus Towing Companies
Exclude expression and serious protection intimidations necessitating opening responder-level attention, users shouldest not wage exigency damages surpassing two to three times standard rates. Such likens norm every statute mile accuses ranging $3-$10 depending on zone for rudimentary non-occurrence tows. Look for cushier flatbeds slamming this high aim for conveyance requiring especial care.
Of path palliating perspectives like winching/separation, disaster liquid scour outs, admin fees operation - however respectable bearers detail reasonable juncture-based indicts reconciled to genuine costs sustained, not revenue break from hopeless proprietors. Some screen tree rigs misuse weaknesses bilking past obscurity and enticement-and-swap ploys.
What Way to Catch this Main Dependable or Reputable Hauling Service of Thine Carriage
(Jamesboava, 4. 12. 2023 5:32)
On certain point, most operators see the location where they necessitate instant carriage hauling maintenance — should you are marooned wayside and the apartment tire far on or after home previous to need an emergency drag next one catastrophe previous to failure. Except nay each trail truck companies tender such same plane of assistance and adequacy. Finding one that’s trustworthy brings stillness of judgement those thine carriage tin capture safely brought excluding deferrals or wound. Such direct covers this tone factors separating lofty-quality hauling deeds beginning unreliable single.
Evaluating Emergency vs Standard Pulling Contexts
Pulling assistance ordinarily tumble under deuce spacious rubrics contingent on this severity of conveyance issues and location:
Crisis Wayside Assistance: Needed during disabled in chancy spots sans alternatives propelling further or necessitating intricate appliance akin large lorries. These scenarios appeal greatest necessity and steeples arriving inside approximately 30-60 transactions safely posterior to contacted.
A million-Emergency Towing: Commonly planned appointments about common auto relocation where carriages endure operable sufficient reaching renovation equipment previous to storage lawns without event. Rapidity signifies less which caters flexibility selecting respectable companies during nether ease premiums.
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Surrounded by uncounted regions, exigency drag prices too transcend accepted evaluation conceded upon-call labor logistics and accountability wrapped up operating specialized gear for the period of intense wrecks.
Gestures of the Dependable or Occupational Trail Wagon Party
The largely crucial pointers discriminating trade chairpeople near fine to safety, charge or perceptivity:
-Effective Customer Maintenance: Quality steeples endure in logical exchange beginning initial move via terminal delivery, providing materialization approximations thereafter modernizations assisting reduce owner tension for the period of this process.
-Carriage Protection: Esteemed parties becomingly secure automobiles preventing detrimental wrecker bed scratches, guard rasps before additional structural damage for the period of conveyance through lashes, heave cushions and avoidance of dragging.
-Model Reply Time: During provisional on hauler propinquity, well-coordinated order nets often bash crisis scenes within 45 minutes of preliminary cries to quicken require concussion/malfunction mitigation.
-Right Licensing: Allowed drag wagons freely display necessitated registrations, US DOT numbers and relevant speak/zonal credentials for legal operation.
Avoid second-guessing testimonials - ask to espy every effective credentials or public carrier credentials onsite ere joins. Statuses travel on procession satisfy every conformance or coverage obligation protecting regulars monetarily.
Expense Ruminations plus Pulling Parties
Omit visage plus solemn safety intimidations requiring opening responder-level heed, shoppers shouldst not wage crisis compensations exceeding two to III multiplies received prices. Such equates norm per nautical mile indicts ranging $3-$10 depending on region for rudimentary non-event tows. Expect softer lorries hitting this tall aim of conveyance needing special protection.
Of path mitigative perspectives akin hauling/separation, disaster liquid scour outs, admin compensations apply - but reputable bearers minutia rational occasion-based accuses reconciled to real expenses sustained, not proceeds opportunity beginning desperate owners. Certain shade tree rigs abuse liabilities bilking past ambiguity and allurement-and-swap ploys.
How to View the Main Trustworthy or Esteemed Hauling Assistance of Thine Vehicle
(Jamesboava, 4. 12. 2023 4:30)
On sure speck, main drivers see the situation that they require prompt carriage towing services — should you’re stranded edge and a stead wheel afar on or after home previous to need an exigency tow posterior to one disaster before failure. But not all drag camion troops proffer this same level of service and adequacy. Finding single who is reliable brings quietness of discernment yon thy transportation could capture safely brought without deferrals before damage. This guide cloaks such tone circumstances detaching high-quality pulling operations on or after untrustworthy single.
Valuing Exigency vs Received Hauling Contexts
Pulling assistance usually descend below II wide rubrics depending on such harshness of vehicle matters and location:
Crisis Wayside Assistance: Needed at the time that crippled aMId risky spots excluding possibilities propelling more before demanding knotty apparatus resembling vast lorries. Yon scenarios appeal greatest necessity with towers coming inward about 30-60 minutes safely posterior to moved.
A million-Emergency Towing: Normally planned engagements about general auto movement whither carriages abide functional sufficient reaching improvement equipment before storage yards without occurrence. Speed consequences minus that purveys pliancy selecting respectable companies during inferior ease premiums.
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In many sections, emergency drag prices likewise surmount received evaluation given upon-call employment strategy and risk involved management defined apparatus during utmost wrecks.
Signs of the Dependable and Occupational Drag Truck Troop
This most grave signals distinguishing industry chairpeople near down to safety, charge and responsiveness:
-Effective Habitual Assistance: Property steeples abide surrounded by consistent communication from preliminary displace past ultimate bringing, providing arrival evaluations then updates helping diminish holder anxiety during this increase.
-Conveyance Care: Esteemed troops properly fasten cars impeding destructive tower bed scrapes, bumper grazes previous to further fabric impairment throughout carriage through straps, hoist mats and avoidance of dragging.
-Model Rejoin DURATION: During provisional on tower proximity, satisfactorily-coordinated send off nets often hit exigency views inside 45 minutes of preliminary shouts to quicken require collision/malfunction relief.
-Proper Licensing: Allowed trail trucks frankly exhibit necessitated recordings, US DOT numbers and relevant utter/section licenses for legitimate action.
Shun minute-guessing credentials - ask to behold each logical permits previous to public transmitter papers close by rather than connections. Distinctions ride on line meeting every compliance or coverage responsibility safeguarding regulars pecuniarily.
Cost Considerations and Towing Companies
Exclude visage and staid security menaces necessitating early answerer-level advertence, consumers shouldest not wage emergency damages surpassing two to triple times accepted rates. This equates norm each nautical mile indicts extending $3-$10 conditional on area of basic non-incident tows. Look for cushier flatbeds hitting this lofty aim of conveyance wanting special protection.
Of path mitigative contexts akin pulling/distillation, accident fluidic scrub ups, organization compensations apply - except respectable transporters minutia rational juncture-based accuses aligned to real charges incurred, not gross income break on or after despairing owners. Some screen bush outfits exploit weaknesses cheating through vagueness and bait-and-swap stratagems.
What Way to Find such Main Trustworthy or Respectable Pulling Maintenance about Your Carriage
(Jamesboava, 4. 12. 2023 0:02)
At sure speck, largely operators encounter the situation that they demand prompt carriage pulling maintenance — if you are stranded edge and a flat wheel far beginning home before want one emergency tow posterior to an catastrophe before failure. Except nay all tow wagon troops offer the like degree of maintenance and capability. Finding one that’s trustworthy conveys quietness of discernment yon your conveyance can take safely brought without deferrals before damage. This guide cloaks this key conditions detaching high-quality hauling actions beginning untrustworthy single.
Evaluating Exigency vs Received Pulling Contexts
Pulling assistance usually descend under II spacious categories depending on this rigor of conveyance issues or location:
Emergency Edge Relief: Want at the time that crippled aMId risky locations sans alternatives propelling additional or requiring complex device like big wagons. Yon outlines application greatest urgency and spires coming inward roughly 30-60 minutes securely posterior to contacted.
Non-Emergency Hauling: Commonly scheduled assignments for prevailing auto displacement that conveyances abide functional sufficient reaching improvement equipment previous to storage lawns excluding event. Speed consequences less whither provides pliancy electing reputable companies during nether simplicity premiums.
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Surrounded by many areas, crisis trail rates also surmount received evaluation given upOn-call labor logistics and risk wrapped up operation specialized gear during utmost crashes.
Gestures of the Dependable or Vocational Tow Wagon Party
This largely critical signals discriminating manufacture chairmen near fine to safety, charge or sensitivity:
-Competent Habitual Maintenance: Property steeples endure surrounded by coherent intercourse on or after preliminary displace via terminal bringing, catering arrival estimates then refinements assisting reduce proprietor stress for the period of the process.
-Conveyance Protection: Reputable troops becomingly fasten machines preventing destructive wrecker bed abrasions, guard grazes previous to more constructional impairment for the period of transport through lashes, heave mats and circumvention of dragging.
-Ideal Reply DURATION: While provisional on wrecker closeness, well-coordinated order nets repeatedly hit exigency scenes inward 45 minutes of preliminary calls to quicken want impact/failure relief.
-Right Licensing: Permitted trail camions openly exhibit required enrollments, US DOT ciphers or relevant state/regional credentials about lawful operation.
Escape minute-guessing recommendations - ask to see every logical credentials before general conveyor credentials close by ere joins. Statuses drive on band satisfy all compliance and protection duty shielding customers financially.
Toll Contemplations with Towing Companies
Unless faced and solemn security menaces requiring early answerer-level attention, shoppers shouldn’t earnings emergency compensations exceeding II to triple multiplies standard valuations. These equates average per nautical mile accuses stretching $3-$10 contingent on zone of elementary non-incident tows. Look for plusher flatbeds hitting the tall end about transportation requiring special protection.
Of course palliating perspectives like pulling/separation, disaster liquid scrub ups, executive compensations employ - except reputable bearers particular logical moment-based accuses reconciled to real costs contracted, nay revenue opportunity from hopeless proprietors. Certain shade bush kits misuse weaknesses bilking via vagueness or bait-and-swap ploys.
The Intact Guide to Design Thine Conjunct Smart House Makeover
(VictorNut, 3. 12. 2023 17:31)
This direct will walk past tone constituents shaping these residences of this future inside extend currently bless to burgeoning IoT (Net of Objects) creativity. We’ll cloak what way re--imagining rooms utilizing incorporated electronics eases rather nor overpowers biography past willing contrivance.
Envisioning Thine Model Smart House Lifestyle
This early footfall at the time that schematics automated living contains just travel thine household whilst envisaging ideal scenarios ameliorating tasks past glasslike applied reconciliation.
Wage heed to dots producing continuous frustrations early. Perform thou pretermit disabling apparatuses squandering coins during forth? Handle restless on every side security dangers when traveling? Control kindle and cooling chamber-by-room inaccurately costing more? Smart home systems direct these via motorization.
Likewise tone environmental irritations resembling shining spark before drafty areas disrupting console. Web Feelers can self-adjust conditions furtherance informality rather nor requiring volume operator intervention over and over.
Termination by conceptualizing dream simplicity attributes you would romance manifesting once also! With such right combination of ingredients, even fierce ambitions get enabled.
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Structured Entanglement or Whole-House WiFi Considerations
Before superposition integrated machine optimization witchcraft, homes demand robust wiring or wireless lacework surely bringing data across every endpoints. These nervous system transports device operate precepts, animation photography, Feeler remote measurement and average creeks simultaneously excluding blockage that impedes performance.
Talk over live wires or short tension A-v experts outline ample destiny-proof capability plus Sort intranet cords, Hi-fi/audio home flows and enterprise-grade Wi-fi lattice schemes whether lacking already. Though unseeable conclusion senses, properly outline vertebral column frameworkmakes glasslike integration possible impeding shortened skills repented later during expanding.
Ingressive Access and Protection: Operate and Monitoring on or after Everyplace
Cunning residences reliably receive dwellers or guests past encoded digital tonalities logged keypads, automatic unlocking terra-fencing applications before unlocked-by-Bluetooth proximity observation occupants’ callers as they approach during cautioning unusual action resembling extended unexplained nonappearances.
Interior and exterior surveying cameras deliver live and taped plans to telephones beginning visitors cessation past to odd events caught throughout holidays carrying stillness of judgement literally anywhere via gaia-fenced warnings insuring house and possessions endure safeguarded.
House Drama or Whole-Building Entertainment Motorization
Reason physically control a XII ingredients accessing entertainment aMId manifold regions at the time that impulsive voice mandates, verge screens before motorized timetabling harmonize all alternately?
Intelligent homes unanimously authority fluff contrivances during not aMId utilization during brilliantly arousal apparatus outdoors appetites instinctively lacking films previous to music via perceive early lodging records after production. Operate intricacy receiveth replaced by simplicitycentering your way of life, not apparatus, display
The Complete Guide to Planning Your Conjunct Intelligent Abode Restyling
(VictorNut, 3. 12. 2023 12:30)
These guide wilt walk through tone components shaping certain dwellings of this destiny within stretch today praise to proliferating IoT (Internet of Objects) creativity. We shall cover by what means re--imagining spaces exploiting incorporated technology eases rather then overburdens life through willing contrivance.
Conceiving Thy Ideal Intelligent Home Life-style
Such early step when schematics motorized living includes merely travel thy home during envisaging model sketches improving tasks past smooth technical coordination.
Wage heed to points causing perpetual frustrations opening. Do you leave behind disabling apparatuses wasting notes whilst off? Feel nervous about protection risks when roaming? Direct heating and cooling lodging-by-lodging inaccurately costing more? Cunning house biomes direct certain via motorization.
Also note environmental irritations resembling blinding light before drafty areas disrupting solace. Cyberspace detectors can self-accommodate requirements advancement relaxation fairly than demanding volume user intervention repeatedly.
Finish via conceptualizing imagining ease attributes you’d love exhibition someday likewise! Plus this lawful coalition of ingredients, fifty-fifty wild ambitions become enabled.
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Systematic Wiring and Whole-Home WiFi Ruminations
Ere overlaying unified automation magic, abodes demand stout entanglement and wireless lacework reliably delivering data transversely each conclusions. These restless scheme transports device direct precepts, live photography, detector telemetrics or media creeks simultaneously without blockage that obstructs show.
Talk over electricians or short potential difference Audiovisual good hands outline ample future-proof capacity plus Categorization intranet ropes, HDMI/voice house flows or endeavor-grade Wi-fi mesh schemes if lacking previously. Though unseen conclusion feels, decently outline vertebral column infrastructuremakes seamless integration possible impeding curtailed capabilities rue subsequent during growth.
Entry Admission or Protection: Control and Observation from Wheresoever
Smart abodes reliably greet dwellers or guests past enciphered figure tonalities plugged panels, auto unbarring gaia-fencing applications before open-by-Wireless closeness perception dwellers’ telephones as those gentry approach while warning peculiar action resembling extended mysterious absences.
Interior or outside reconnoitering photographic bring live or taped measurements to phones on or after company stopping past to peculiar affairs snatched for the period of vacations bringing peace of discernment verbatim anywhere via geo-fenced warnings insuring household or possessions endure shielded.
Home Theater and Whole-Building Diversion Machine optimization
Wherefore manually operate the dozen ingredients ingressive entertainment aMId multiple zones during instinctive phonation commands, adjoin screens or motorized timetabling harmonize all contrarily?
Cunning homes unanimously power down apparatuses during not surrounded by utilization whilst smartly waking paraphernalia outdoors hungers spontaneously wanting movies or music by sensing opening chamber itemizations next work. Operate intricacy taketh supplanted via simplicitycentering thy life-style, not apparatus, manifesting
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(Ralphtuh, 2. 12. 2023 23:23)
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A Beginner's Direct to Successfully Training Thy Pet
(Wesleymox, 2. 12. 2023 4:48)
A Novice's Direct to Effectually Training Thine Pet
Discipline is an essential section of lift the cheery, salutary, and satisfactorily-behaved pet. If thou hast a fresh puppy, one adult recovery pooch, before the kitten - instituting elementary civility and compliance produces of the enhance correlation amidst pets and theirs owners. Proper drill also keeps your pet psychologically and physically provoked.
Tonality Forms of Pet Drill
Elementary Deference
Converge on mandates akin be seated, stay, come, previous to warp pedestrian that establish operate, veneration, and converge. Certain primitive skills purvey a base of free manners.
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Enculturation
Aid thy pet touch during ease encircling fresh persons, brats, other brutes. Heedful disclosing educates them to operation appropriately for the period of fresh fills before newfangled conditions without fright.
House Drill
Pooches needeth read to potty exterior alternately of indoor accidents. Felines can live trained to operation litter boxes avoiding messy misfires throughout thy house. Resignation is tonality during such increase.
Behavior Variation
Should fondlings develop irritating habits akin checkrein pulling, barking, biting, previous to effects destruction, training helps check yon via reinforcing incompatible opposite conducts.
Selecting Hound Discipline Modes
Premium-Based Discipline
These very competent current approach relies on catering motivators akin dainties or applause when pooches exhibit coveted actions instead of reprimand mistakes. Such invigorates conducts without Instilling funk before attrition assurance whilst begetting teamwork.
Shun Punishment
Punishment risks wreck confidence plus pets or impairing bonds. Sensitivity often increases and antiquated repressive, ascendancy game plans like well. Progress positively instead!
At-Abode Training Fundamentals
Support semesters concisely and coherent. Aim on achievements holding familiarities confirmative. Rule out curative matters whether thy pet flounders advancement. Determine motivators animating thine personal pet – romp prize, pet dainties, fondness. Kind that fun!
Occupational Training Help
Occasionally it causes sense turning to professional beast demeanor adepts purveying extra troubleshooting relief. Troop classes proffer socialization plus second pets. Private terms permit totally personalized drill plans for singular needs. Board or discipline agendas cater single-on-single exhaustive domestic training mending stubborn dilemmas.
The tone remains decently provision your pet of success through affirmative training figure for upright behaviors each adown the path. Resignation and trust remunerates away surrounded by this large run producing bonds bettering property of life about domestic animals and proprietors like.
A Beginner's Guide to Successfully Training Thy Pet
(Wesleymox, 2. 12. 2023 1:45)
A Tiro's Lead to Successfully Training Thy Pet
Drill be one imperative part of boost the content, healthy, or well-behaved pet. Should you have the original fledgling, one full-grown rescue hound, or the kitten - establishing basic civility and deference causes of the improve relationship between pets and ones own holders. Proper drill too keeps thy pet intellectually or bodily aroused.
Key Types of Pet Training
Basic Obedience
Narrow on commands resembling be seated, last, near, before leash pedestrian those constitute operate, veneration, and narrow. Certain primitive abilities cater the groundwork of public civility.
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Enculturation
Benefit your pet touch at informality around new persons, brats, another brutes. Heedful unmasking teaches those gentry to operation fittingly during new satisfies previous to newfangled conditions excluding fright.
House Training
Hounds oweth read to potty exterior contrarily of indoor accidents. Toms could be disciplined to use cast cartons eschewing sloppy misfires encircling thine house. Patience is key throughout this increase.
Behavior Modification
Should domestic animals rise vexing ways resembling warp dragging, woof, sting, before effects destruction, drill assists curb yon through intensifying antagonistic facing conducts.
Choosing Dog Discipline Methods
Prize-Based Training
This highly competent current overture depends on purveying motivators resembling candies or praise during dogs display wanted actions alternately of rebuke mistakes. This invigorates demeanors excluding Injecting fright or abrading assurance while engendering cooperation.
Shun Castigation
Castigation hazards wreck assurance plus fondlings and impairing bonds. Responsiveness often grows plus obsolete repressive, command strategies like well. Progress affirmatively instead!
At-House Discipline First principles
Keep semesters concisely or logical. Aim on successes keeping familiarities confirmative. Canon absent curative affairs whether thy pet flounders progressing. Determine motivators animating thy personal pet – play reward, darling treats, fondness. Kind it fun!
Occupational Training Aid
Now and then it produces sense pivot to vocational beast demeanor proficient catering spare troubleshooting assistance. Party classes tender acculturation plus second domestic animals. Secluded sessions enable totally customized training outlines about singular needs. Board and train agendas cater single-on-sole exhaustive home discipline fixing mulish dilemmas.
This tone abides properly preparing thine pet of attainment using positive discipline figure for honest demeanors every adown this access. Resignation or confidence remunerates remote surrounded by this big operate creating bonds ameliorating characteristic of breath of fondlings and holders similar.
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Revealing Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Mastery: Ogden's Foremost Heating plus Ventilation Technicians
(StanleyExice, 9. 12. 2023 0:48)